Geography

3.1.1.1 Natural hazards

• Definition of a natural hazard
• Factors affecting hazard risk
• Types of natural hazard

3.1.1.2 Tectonic hazards

• Conservative plate margins
• Constructive plate margins
• Destructive plate margins
• Global distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
• Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard
• Monitoring, prediction, protection and planning for tectonic hazards
• Named examples of tectonic hazards in contrasting wealth areas
• Plate tectonics theory
• Primary and secondary effects of a tectonic hazard
• Reasons people live in tectonic hazard zones

3.1.1.3 Weather hazards

• Causes and formation of tropical storms
• Climate change and tropical storms
• Evidence weather is becoming more extreme in the UK
• General atmospheric circulation model
• Global distribution of tropical storms
• Immediate and long-term responses to tropical storms
• Monitoring, prediction, protection and planning for tropical storms
• Named example of a tropical storm
• Primary and secondary effects of tropical storms
• Recent extreme weather event in the UK
• Structure and features of a tropical storm
• Types of weather hazard experienced in the UK

3.1.1.4 Climate change

• Climate change adaptation
• Climate change mitigation
• Effects of climate change on people and environment
• Evidence for climate change
• Human causes of climate change
• Natural causes of climate change

3.1.2.1 Ecosystems

• Balance between ecosystem components
• Distribution and characteristics of large-scale natural global ecosystems
• Nutrient cycling in ecosystems
• Producers, consumers, decomposers, food chain, food web
• Small-scale UK ecosystem

3.1.2.2 Tropical rainforests

• Biodiversity issues in tropical rainforests
• Case study of a tropical rainforest
• Causes of deforestation
• Changing rates of deforestation
• Impacts of deforestation
• Interdependence in tropical rainforests
• Physical characteristics of a tropical rainforest
• Plant and animal adaptations in tropical rainforests
• Sustainable tropical rainforest management strategies
• Value of tropical rainforests

3.1.2.3 Hot deserts

• Biodiversity issues in hot deserts
• Case study of a hot desert
• Causes of desertification
• Challenges of developing hot deserts
• Development opportunities in hot deserts
• Interdependence in hot deserts
• Physical characteristics of a hot desert
• Plant and animal adaptations in hot deserts
• Strategies to reduce desertification

3.1.2.4 Cold environments

• Biodiversity issues in cold environments
• Case study of a cold environment
• Challenges of developing cold environments
• Development opportunities in cold environments
• Interdependence in cold environments
• Physical characteristics of a cold environment
• Plant and animal adaptations in cold environments
• Strategies for balancing development and conservation in cold environments
• Value and protection of cold environments

3.1.3.1 UK physical landscapes

• UK upland and lowland areas

3.1.3.2 Coastal landscapes in the UK

• Beaches
• Caves, arches and stacks
• Cliffs and wave-cut platforms
• Coastal deposition
• Coastal erosion processes
• Coastal mass movement
• Coastal weathering processes
• Hard engineering coastal management
• Headlands and bays
• Influence of geological structure and rock type on coasts
• Longshore drift
• Managed retreat / coastal realignment
• Sand dunes
• Soft engineering coastal management
• Spits and bars
• UK coastal management scheme example
• UK coastline example - landforms
• Wave types and characteristics

3.1.3.3 River landscapes in the UK

• Hard engineering river management
• Hydrographs
• Interlocking spurs
• Levees, flood plains and estuaries
• Long profile and cross profile of a river
• Meanders and ox-bow lakes
• Physical and human factors affecting flood risk
• River deposition
• River erosion processes
• River transportation processes
• Soft engineering river management
• UK flood management scheme example
• UK river valley example - landforms
• Vertical and lateral erosion
• Waterfalls and gorges

3.1.3.4 Glacial landscapes in the UK

• Corries, arêtes and pyramidal peaks
• Economic activities in glaciated upland areas
• Erratics, drumlins and types of moraine
• Freeze-thaw weathering
• Glacial deposition - till and outwash
• Glacial erosion - abrasion and plucking
• Glacial movement and transportation
• Land use conflicts in glaciated uplands
• Maximum extent of UK ice cover during last ice age
• Truncated spurs, glacial troughs, ribbon lakes, hanging valleys
• UK glaciated upland area example
• UK glaciated upland tourism example

LIC/NEE city

• Case study of a major LIC/NEE city
• Economic opportunities of LIC/NEE urban growth
• Managing environmental issues in LIC/NEE cities
• Provision of clean water, sanitation and energy in LIC/NEE cities
• Reducing unemployment and crime in LIC/NEE cities
• Slums and squatter settlements
• Social opportunities of LIC/NEE urban growth
• Urban planning improving quality of life for the urban poor

Sustainability

• Sustainable urban living
• Urban transport strategies

UK city

• Brownfield and greenfield site development
• Case study of a major UK city
• Distribution of population and major cities in the UK
• National and international migration in UK cities
• Urban deprivation and inequalities
• Urban regeneration project example
• Urban sprawl, rural-urban fringe and commuter settlements

Urban growth

• Emergence of megacities
• Factors affecting rate of urbanisation
• Global pattern of urban change
• Urban trends in HICs and LICs

Closing the gap

• Strategies to reduce the development gap
• Tourism in an LIC/NEE example

Global development

• Causes of uneven development
• Classifying global development
• Consequences of uneven development
• Demographic Transition Model
• Economic and social measures of development
• Limitations of development measures

LIC/NEE country

• Case study of a LIC or NEE
• International aid
• Role of transnational corporations (TNCs)

UK economy

• Changing UK economy
• Post-industrial economy in the UK
• Rural landscape change in UK
• Sustainable industrial development example
• UK in the wider world
• UK north-south divide
• UK road, rail, port and airport infrastructure

3.2.3.1 Resource management

• Global inequalities in resource supply and consumption
• Significance of food, water and energy

3.2.3.1 Resource management - UK

• UK energy mix - fossil fuels, renewables, domestic supplies
• UK food resources - high-value imports, food miles, agribusiness
• UK water resources - demand, quality, transfers

3.2.3.2 Food

• Factors affecting food supply
• Global patterns of food supply and security
• Impacts of food insecurity
• Large scale agricultural development example
• Local LIC/NEE sustainable food scheme example
• Reasons for increasing food consumption
• Strategies to increase food supply
• Sustainable food supply strategies

3.2.3.3 Water

• Factors affecting water availability
• Global patterns of water surplus and deficit
• Impacts of water insecurity
• Large scale water transfer scheme example
• Local LIC/NEE sustainable water scheme example
• Reasons for increasing water consumption
• Strategies to increase water supply
• Sustainable water supply strategies

3.2.3.4 Energy

• Factors affecting energy supply
• Fossil fuel extraction example
• Global distribution of energy consumption and supply
• Impacts of energy insecurity
• Local LIC/NEE sustainable energy scheme example
• Reasons for increasing energy consumption
• Renewable and non-renewable energy sources
• Sustainable energy use and conservation

3.3.1 Issue evaluation

• Issue evaluation
• Pre-release resource booklet for issue evaluation

3.3.2 Fieldwork

• Describing, analysing and explaining fieldwork data
• Evaluation of geographical enquiry
• Geographical enquiry process - suitable questions
• Physical and human fieldwork in contrasting environments
• Processing and presenting fieldwork data
• Reaching evidenced conclusions in fieldwork
• Selecting and recording fieldwork data

3.4.1 Cartographic skills

• Atlas map skills
• Cross sections and transects
• Gradient, contour and spot height
• Maps with photographs - sketches and interpretation
• Ordnance Survey map skills

3.4.2 Graphical skills

• Graph and chart construction
• Specialist maps - choropleth, isoline, dot maps

3.4.3 Numerical skills

• Numerical skills in geography

3.4.4 Statistical skills

• Bivariate data and trend analysis
• Percentage change and percentiles
• Statistical skills - central tendency and spread

3.4.5 Use of qualitative and quantitative data

• Use of qualitative and quantitative data

3.4.6 Formulate enquiry and argument

• Formulate enquiry and argument