Combined Science

B1 Cell level systems

• Aerobic and anaerobic respiration compared
• Cellular respiration and ATP
• DNA structure
• Electron microscopy and sub-cellular structureHigher
• Enzyme action and lock-and-key model
• Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell sub-cellular structures
• Investigating enzyme activity
• Light microscopy and staining of cells
• Limiting factors on rate of photosynthesisHigher
• Photosynthesis as basis of life on Earth
• Photosynthesis as endothermic; investigating
• Synthesis and breakdown of biological molecules

B2 Scaling up

• Cell differentiation and specialised cells
• Diffusion, osmosis and active transport
• Factors affecting water uptake in plants
• Heart and blood vessels structure-function
• Human circulatory system
• Mitosis and the cell cycle
• Potometer and rate of water uptake
• Red blood cells and plasma
• Stem cells in animals and plants
• Substances transported in organisms
• Surface area to volume ratio in multicellular organisms
• Transpiration and translocationHigher
• Water and mineral uptake by root hair cells

B3 Organism level systems

• Contraception methods
• Coordinated response by nervous system
• Endocrine system principles
• Glucagon and insulin interactionHigher
• Hormones and treating infertility
• Hormones in human reproduction; menstrual cycleHigher
• Importance of homeostasis
• Insulin and blood sugar control
• Reflex arc structure-function
• Structure of the nervous system
• Thyroxine and adrenalineHigher
• Type 1 and type 2 diabetes

B4 Community level systems

• Abiotic and biotic factors in communities
• Interdependence and competition
• Levels of organisation in ecosystems
• Material cycling — carbon and nitrogen

B5 Genes, inheritance and selection

• Classification systems and phylogenetics
• Evidence for evolution
• Evolution by natural selection
• Genetic variation in populations
• Genome and phenotype
• Haploid, diploid and meiosis
• Inheritance terminology
• Multiple gene inheritance
• Mutations and phenotype
• Sex determination in humans
• Single gene inheritance and Punnett squares

B6 Global challenges

• Cancer as uncontrolled cell growth
• Discovery and development of new medicines
• Field investigation: distribution and abundance
• Gene technology in agriculture: benefits and risks
• Gene technology in medicine
• Genetic engineering principles
• Health and disease
• Human genome and medicine
• Human impact on biodiversity
• Immune system
• Interactions between diseases
• Lifestyle factors and disease
• Maintaining global biodiversity
• Non-communicable diseases
• Non-specific defence systems
• Selective breeding
• Specific human and plant diseases
• Spread of communicable diseases
• Stem cells in medicine
• Steps of genetic engineeringHigher
• Treatments for cardiovascular disease
• Vaccines and medicines
• White blood cells and platelets

C1 Particles

• Atomic model history
• Atomic number, mass number and isotopes
• Charges and masses of subatomic particles
• Limitations of the particle model
• Nuclear atom structure
• Particle model and states of matter
• Physical vs chemical changes
• Size of atoms and molecules

C2 Elements, compounds and mixtures

• Allotropes of carbon
• Atomic structure and Periodic Table position
• Bonding in compounds and structures
• Bulk properties and bonding
• Carbon's four covalent bonds
• Chromatography for purity testing
• Dot and cross diagrams
• Electrostatic forces in bonding
• Empirical formula
• Energy transfers and changes of state
• Filtration, crystallisation, distillation
• Formulations and alloys
• Limitations of bonding models
• Melting point and purity
• Mendeleev to modern Periodic TableHigher
• Metals and non-metals
• Paper and thin layer chromatography
• Purity of substances
• Reactions related to electron arrangement
• Relative formula mass
• Rf values
• Stationary and mobile phases in chromatography

C3 Chemical reactions

• Acids and alkalis as ions
• Acids with carbonates and metals
• Avogadro constant and the moleHigher
• Balanced ionic equations
• Bond energy calculationsHigher
• Calculating reactant/product masses
• Concentration of solutions
• Conservation of mass
• Dilute/concentrated; weak/strong acids
• Electrode equations and half equations
• Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
• Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds
• Electrolysis with inert electrodes
• Endothermic and exothermic reactions
• Formula of compounds from common ions
• Inert and non-inert electrodes
• Mass and molesHigher
• Measuring pH
• Neutralisation reactions
• Oxidation and reduction (electrons)Higher
• Oxidation and reduction (oxygen)
• pH and hydrogen ion concentrationHigher
• pH scale
• Reaction profiles
• State symbols
• Stoichiometry from massesHigher
• Tests for gases
• Writing equations using Periodic Table
• Writing formulae and equations

C4 Predicting and identifying reactions and products

• Group properties from electron arrangement
• Order of reactivity of metals
• Predicting reactivity from Periodic Table
• Properties of Group 1, 7 and 0
• Reactivity of metals with water/acids

C5 Monitoring and controlling chemical reactions

• Catalysts and rate
• Catalytic action and activation energy
• Collision theory
• Dynamic equilibriumHigher
• Enzymes as biological catalysts
• Factors affecting rate
• Le Chatelier's principleHigher
• Methods to measure rate of reaction
• Rate of reaction graphs
• Reversible reactions
• Surface area to volume ratio and rateHigher

C6 Global challenges

• Alkanes and homologous series
• Atmospheric pollutants
• Biological methods of metal extractionHigher
• Climate change evidence and uncertainties
• Cracking
• Crude oil as feedstock
• Effects of CO2 and methane on climate
• Electrolysis to extract metals
• Formation of the early atmosphere
• Fractional distillation of crude oil
• Greenhouse effect
• Industrial extraction of metals using carbon
• Life-cycle assessment
• Potable water production
• Recycling materials

P1 Matter

• Atomic size order of magnitude
• Calculating energy with specific heat capacity
• Density and states of matter
• Density definition and measurement
• Gas pressure and temperature qualitative
• Heating, internal energy and state changes
• History of the atomic model (physics)
• Mass conservation in changes of state
• Nuclear atomic structure (physics)
• Physical vs chemical changes
• Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat
• Specific latent heat calculations

P2 Forces

• Acceleration in free fall
• Average speed for non-uniform motion
• Circular motion qualitativeHigher
• Distance-time and velocity-time graphs
• Energy stored in stretching
• Equations of motion (uniform acceleration)
• Force interactions between objects
• Forces as vectors and free body diagrams
• Gravitational fields
• Hooke's law
• Inertia and inertial massHigher
• Linear vs non-linear force-extension
• Measuring distance and time
• Momentum and conservationHigher
• Newton's first law
• Newton's second law
• Newton's third law
• Power as rate of energy transfer
• Resolving forces and resultantsHigher
• Resultant force and balanced forces
• Spring constant calculation
• Stretching, bending, compressing
• Terminal velocity
• Unit conversion and rates
• Vector and scalar quantities
• Weight and gravitational field strength
• Work done

P3 Electricity and magnetism

• Calculating I, V, R in d.c. circuits
• Charge as property of matter
• Charge, current and time
• Circuit symbols and d.c. circuits
• Current as flow of charge
• Current in single closed loop
• Current, resistance, potential difference
• d.c. circuits for measurement
• Earth's magnetic field
• Electric motorHigher
• Electron transfer and static
• Equations of electricity in circuitsHigher
• F=BIL calculationHigher
• Field strength: current and distance
• Force on current-carrying conductorHigher
• I-V characteristics
• Magnetic effect of a current
• Magnetic field characteristics
• Net resistance series and parallel
• Ohm's law
• Permanent and induced magnets
• Permanent magnets and poles
• Power transfer in circuits
• Series and parallel circuits
• Solenoid and electromagnets
• Static electricity by friction

P4 Waves and radioactivity

• Absorption, transmission, refraction, reflection
• Atomic nuclei composition
• Atomic radiation generation/absorption
• Contamination vs irradiation
• Electromagnetic waves as transverse
• Electron energy levels and ionisation
• EM spectrum groupings
• EM waves transfer energy
• Evidence the wave travels not the medium
• Frequency-wavelength across EM spectrum
• Half-life and random decay
• Half-life calculations
• Hazards of UV, X-rays, gamma
• Isotope notation
• Light as EM wave
• Nuclear equations
• Penetration of alpha, beta, gamma
• Practical uses of EM waves
• Radio waves and oscillating circuits
• Radioactive emissions
• Ripples and sound waves
• Transverse and longitudinal waves
• Wave equation
• Wave properties: amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period

P5 Energy

• Calculating energy changes
• Conservation of energy
• Energy dissipation
• Energy efficiency calculation
• Energy stores and transfers
• Energy transfer in domestic devices
• Heating, work done, current and energy
• Increasing efficiency
• Kinetic, elastic, gravitational energy
• Power ratings and stored energy
• Rate of cooling
• Reducing unwanted energy transfer

P6 Global challenges

• Dangers of large decelerationsHigher
• Direct vs alternating voltage
• Energy resources
• Human reaction times
• Live wire dangers
• Mains plug wiring
• National grid
• National grid efficiency
• Patterns and trends in energy use
• Step-up and step-down transformers
• Stopping distance
• Typical speeds in everyday situations
• UK domestic supply
• Unit conversion (motion)

CS7 Practical skills

• PAG B1: Microscopy
• PAG B2: Sampling techniques
• PAG B3: Rates of enzyme-controlled reactions
• PAG B4: Photosynthesis
• PAG B5: Microbiological techniques
• PAG C1: Electrolysis
• PAG C2: Distillation
• PAG C3: Separation techniques
• PAG C4: Production of salts
• PAG C5: Measuring rates of reaction
• PAG P1: Materials (density)
• PAG P2: Forces (springs)
• PAG P3: Motion
• PAG P4: Waves
• PAG P5: Energy
• PAG P6: Circuits