Combined Science

1. Cell biology

• Aerobic respiration
• Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
• Animal and plant cells
• BSP1.1 Examination of plant and animal cells (microscope)
• BSP1.3A Investigation into factors affecting enzyme action
• BSP1.3B Qualitative food tests
• Cancer
• Cell differentiation
• Development of the microscope
• Digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydratesFoundation
• Enzyme action: pH, temperature and denaturation
• Enzymes and the lock and key model
• Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells
• Meiosis and gamete formationFoundation
• Mitosis and the cell cycle
• Stem cell technology benefits, risks and ethics
• Stem cells
• Sub-cellular structures and functions
• Uses of digested products

2. Transport systems

• Active transport
• Adaptations of arteries and veinsFoundation
• Arteries and veins
• BSP2.1 Osmosis in potato chips
• BSP2.2 Examination of artery and vein
• Capillaries
• Components of the bloodHigher
• Diffusion down concentration gradients (Visking tubing)
• Diffusion through the cell membrane
• Double circulatory system
• Factors affecting transpiration
• Heart adaptations
• Leaf structure
• Osmosis
• Passage of blood through the heart
• Phloem and translocation
• Root hairs and water uptake
• Stomata and guard cells
• Structure of the heart
• Substances transported in/out of organismsFoundation
• Surface area to volume ratio and exchange
• TranspirationFoundation
• Xylem

3. Health, disease and the development of medicine

• Antibiotic resistance and MRSA
• Antibiotics
• Aseptic techniques
• Communicable vs non-communicable disease
• Decisions about vaccination
• Effect of lifestyle factors on disease incidence
• Health and disease
• Immune system
• Interactions between diseases
• Lifestyle factors and non-communicable diseases
• New medicines: discovery and clinical trialsFoundation
• Non-specific defence systems
• Specific communicable diseases
• Spread of communicable diseases
• Treatments for cardiovascular disease
• Vaccination

4. Coordination and control

• Adaptation of nervous system
• Adrenaline
• Blood glucose regulation: insulin
• BSP4.1 Investigation into reaction times
• ContraceptionHigher
• Endocrine glands
• FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone
• Glucagon and insulin interaction
• Hormones as chemical messengers
• Hormones in human reproductionFoundation
• Maintaining a constant internal environment
• Negative feedback
• Reflex actions
• Reproductive technologies for infertility
• Sense organs and receptors
• Structure of the nervous system
• The reflex arc
• Thyroxine and TRH/TSH
• Type 1 vs type 2 diabetes

5. Photosynthesis

• BSP5 Investigation into rate of photosynthesis
• Factors affecting rate of photosynthesis
• Limiting factors of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis: process and equation

6. Ecosystems

• Abiotic factors in communities
• Biodiversity and indicator species
• Biological control and alien species
• Biotic factors in communities
• BSP6.3 Investigation into abundance and distribution
• Decomposition by microorganisms
• Food chains and food webs
• Human impact on ecosystems
• Interdependence and competition
• Levels of organisation in an ecosystem
• Maintaining biodiversity benefits/challengesHigher
• Material cycling
• Producers and biomass
• Protecting biodiversityFoundation
• Quadrats
• Sampling and capture-recapture
• The carbon cycle
• The water cycle
• Transects
• Trophic levelsFoundation

7. Inheritance, variation and evolution

• Adaptation and survival
• Benefits and risks of gene technology
• BSP7.1 Simple extraction of DNA
• Chromosomes
• Classification systems
• DNA structure
• Evidence of evolutionFoundation
• Evolution by natural selection
• Genes and alleles
• Genetic engineering
• Genetic profiling
• Genetic terminology
• Genetic variation in populations
• Importance of human genome for medicine
• Mutation
• Phenotype, genome and environment
• Polygenic inheritance
• Predicting monohybrid cross outcomes
• Punnett squares and single gene inheritance
• Selective breeding
• Sex determinationFoundation
• Steps of genetic engineering
• The genome

1. Pure substances and mixtures

• Chromatographic methods for purityHigher
• Chromatography principlesFoundation
• CSP1.1 Distillation and chromatography
• Elements, compounds and mixtures
• Formulations
• Melting point and purity
• Purity of a substance
• Rf values
• Selecting purification techniques
• Separation techniques

2. Particles and atomic structure

• Atoms have no overall charge
• Calculating subatomic particles in atoms and ions
• Electronic structure of first 20 elements
• Empty space in atoms
• Isotopes and relative atomic mass
• Limitations of particle model
• Mendeleev's Periodic Table
• Nuclear atom modelFoundation
• Particle model and reaction
• Particle model and states of matter
• Periodic Table position and electronic structure
• Predicting states from data
• Protons and neutrons in nucleus
• Size of atoms and small moleculesHigher
• Subatomic particles: charges and masses

3. Chemical formulae, equations and amount of substance

• Avogadro constant and the mole
• Balancing chemical and half equations
• Charges on simple ions
• Conservation of mass
• Empirical formula
• Empirical formula from reacting mass data
• Ionic equationsFoundation
• Mass and moles
• Mass calculations from balanced equations
• Relative formula massHigher
• State symbols
• Stoichiometry and limiting reactants
• Writing chemical formulae

4. The Periodic Table and properties of elements

• Atomic structure of metals/non-metals
• Group 0 noble gases
• Metals vs non-metals
• Predicting properties from group trendsHigher
• Predicting reactions from Periodic Table
• Reactions of Group 1 elements
• Reactions of Group 7 elements
• Reactivity and electron arrangement
• Reactivity and electronic structureFoundation
• Tests for hydrogen, oxygen and chlorine
• Trends in melting/boiling points
• Trends in reactivity

5. Bonding, structure and properties

• Allotropes of carbon
• Bonding types overview
• Carbon four covalent bonds
• Covalent bonding
• Dot and cross diagrams (covalent)Foundation
• Dot and cross diagrams (ionic)
• Energy and bond strengths
• Ionic bonding
• Limitations of bonding models
• Metallic bondingHigher
• Multiplying factors: milli-, micro-, nano-
• Nanoparticles vs bulk materials
• Organic compounds and carbon families
• Properties of ionic compounds
• Properties of metals
• Properties of simple covalent substances

6. Reactivity series and extraction of metals

• Bacterial extraction and phytoextraction
• CSP6A Reactivities of metals
• CSP6B Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
• Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
• Electrolysis of molten ionic compoundsHigher
• Electrolysis of water
• Electrolysis to extract reactive metals
• Extraction of aluminium
• Extraction of iron in the blast furnace
• Investigating reactivity
• Method of metal extraction
• Order of reactivity from experiments
• Oxidation/reduction in terms of electronsFoundation
• Oxidation/reduction in terms of oxygen
• Predicting electrolysis products (molten)
• Products of electrolysis at electrodes
• Properties of common metals
• Reactivity of metals
• Uses of metals

7. Chemistry of acids

• Acids and alkalis in solution
• Concentration of solutions
• CSP7A Soluble salt from insoluble base
• CSP7B Strong acid-strong base titration
• Differences between strong and weak acids
• H+ + OH- → H2O
• Neutralisation
• Neutrality and pH numerical effect
• pH and hydrogen ion concentration
• Predicting products
• Preparing soluble salts (insoluble base/carbonate)Higher
• Reactions of acids
• Strong vs weak acids; concentrated vs dilute
• Test for carbon dioxide
• Test for carbonate ions
• The pH scaleFoundation
• Titration

8. Energy changes in chemistry

• Activation energy
• Bond energies and enthalpy
• CSP8 Energy released by a fuel
• Exothermic and endothermic reactions
• Reaction profiles

9. Rate of chemical change and dynamic equilibrium

• Catalysts and rate
• Catalytic action and activation energy
• Collision theory
• CSP9A Rate of reaction (gas collection method)
• CSP9B HCl + sodium thiosulfate rate
• CSP9C Catalysts and hydrogen peroxide
• Dynamic equilibrium
• Enzymes as biological catalysts
• Factors affecting rate of reaction
• Identifying catalystsHigher
• Interpreting rate of reaction graphs
• Le Chatelier-style predictions
• Mass change in non-enclosed systems
• Methods of measuring rate
• Reversible reactions
• Surface area to volume effect on rateFoundation

10. Carbon compounds

• Alkanes
• Cracking
• Crude oil and hydrocarbons
• Fractional distillation of crude oil
• Hydrocarbons and society

11. Life cycle assessment and recycling

• Factors affecting recycling decisions
• Interpreting LCA data
• Life cycle assessment
• Recycling

12. The Earth and its atmosphere

• Atmospheric pollutantsHigher
• Composition of present atmosphere
• Development of oxygen-rich atmosphere
• Evidence for climate changeFoundation
• Global warming
• Greenhouse effect
• Mitigating CO2 and methane
• Origin of Earth's atmosphere
• Potable water

1. Energy

• Conservation of energy
• Dissipation of energy
• Energy and electric current
• Energy calculations: KE, EPE, GPE
• Energy efficiency
• Energy resourcesFoundation
• Energy stores and changes
• Energy transfers in domestic devices
• Heat transfer mechanisms
• Heating and energy stored
• Heating energy: Q=mcΔθ and Q=mL
• Patterns and trends in energy use
• PowerHigher
• PSP1.1 Specific heat capacity
• Reducing unwanted energy transfer
• Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat
• The National Grid
• Work doneFoundation

2. Particle model of matter

• Conservation of mass in changes of state
• Density and states of matter
• Pressure and temperature in gases
• PSP2 Density of solids and liquids

3. Forces

• Force interactions
• Free body diagrams and resultant forces
• Hooke's law and spring constant
• PSP3.1 Force-extension graph for a spring
• Stretching, bending, compressing
• Weight and gravitational field strength
• Work done by forcesFoundation

4. Forces and motion

• Braking distance factors
• Circular motion
• Dangers of large decelerations
• Equations of motion (uniform acceleration)Foundation
• Inertial mass
• Momentum
• Motion graphs
• Newton's First Law
• Newton's Second Law
• Newton's Third Law
• PSP4.2 Acceleration of a moving object
• Reaction time and thinking distance
• Safety features in cars
• Speed and acceleration equations
• Typical speeds and free fall acceleration
• Vector vs scalar

5. Waves in matter

• Examples of waves
• PSP5.1 Investigation of water waves
• Sound requires a medium
• Transverse vs longitudinal waves
• Wave properties and equation

6. Light and electromagnetic waves

• Absorption, transmission, refraction, reflection
• Electromagnetic spectrum
• EM radiation generation/absorption
• Light is an electromagnetic wave
• Properties of EM waves
• PSP6.2 Refraction in a glass block
• Radio waves and oscillating circuits
• Ray diagrams: reflection and refraction
• Uses and hazards of EM waves

7. Electricity

• Calculating in d.c. series circuits
• Charge, current and time
• Electric current as flow of charge
• Electrical power
• Fuses
• Live, neutral and earth wires
• Mains electricity in the UK
• Ohm's law
• PSP7.1 I-V characteristics
• PSP7.2 Series and parallel circuits
• Resistance, current and p.d.
• Resistors in parallel
• Resistors in series
• Series and parallel circuits
• Variation of resistanceFoundation

8. Magnetism and electromagnetism

• Earth's magnetic field
• Field strength and solenoids
• Force on a current-carrying conductor
• Magnetic effect of currents
• Magnetic field of a bar magnet
• Motor effect (Fleming's left-hand rule)
• Permanent and induced magnets
• PSP8.2 Force due to magnetic field of coils
• The electric motor

9. Atomic structure

• Alpha, beta, gamma radiation
• Atomic notation
• Composition of atomic nuclei
• Contamination vs irradiation
• Electron arrangement; ionisation
• Half-life
• History of the atomic model
• Net decline in radioactive emission
• Nuclear atom
• Nuclear equations
• Penetration of alpha, beta and gammaFoundation
• Sizes of nuclei, atoms and small molecules